Browsing by Author "Norris, D. Ryan"
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- Data packageData from: Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird(2015-09-24) Mitchell, Greg W.; Woodworth, Bradley K.; Taylor, Philip D.; Norris, D. RyanBackground: Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosey about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juveniles songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results: We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions: Our results provide the first direct evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. Given the importance of wind for efficient flight, we suggest this behaviour could be adaptive in juveniles, if for example, the benefits of a more flexible departure schedule outweigh the costs of flying with less supportive winds.
- Data packageData from: Constructing and evaluating a continent-wide migratory songbird network across the annual cycle(2018-02-26) Knight, Samantha M.; Bradley, David W.; Clark, Robert G.; Gow, Elizabeth A.; Bélisle, Marc; Berzins, Lisha L.; Blake, Tricia; Bridge, Eli S.; Burke, Lauren; Dawson, Russell D.; Dunn, Peter O.; Garant, Dany; Holroyd, Geoffrey L.; Hussell, David J.T.; Lansdorp, Olga; Laughlin, Andrew J.; Leonard, Marty L.; Pelletier, Fanie; Shutler, Dave; Siefferman, Lynn; Taylor, Caz M.; Trefry, Helen E.; Vleck, Carol M.; Vleck, David; Winkler, David Ward; Whittingham, Linda A.; Norris, D. RyanDetermining how migratory animals are spatially connected between breeding and non-breeding periods is essential for predicting the effects of environmental change and for developing optimal conservation strategies. Yet, despite recent advances in tracking technology, we lack comprehensive information on the spatial structure of migratory networks across a species’ range, particularly for small-bodied, long-distance migratory animals. We constructed a migratory network for a songbird and used network-based metrics to characterize the spatial structure and prioritize regions for conservation. The network was constructed using year-round movements derived from 133 archival light-level geolocators attached to Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) originating from 12 breeding sites across their North American breeding range. From these breeding sites, we identified 10 autumn stopover nodes (regions) in North America, 13 non-breeding nodes located around the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Florida, and the Caribbean, and 136 unique edges (migratory routes) connecting nodes. We found strong migratory connectivity between breeding and autumn stopover sites and moderate migratory connectivity between the breeding and non-breeding sites. We identified three distinct ‘communities’ of nodes that corresponded to western, central, and eastern North American flyways. Several regions were important for maintaining network connectivity, with South Florida and Louisiana as the top ranked non-breeding nodes and the Midwest as the top ranked stopover node. We show that migratory songbird networks can have both a high degree of mixing between seasons yet still show regionally distinct migratory flyways. Such information will be crucial for accurately predicting factors that limit and regulate migratory songbirds throughout the annual cycle. Our study highlights how network-based metrics can be valuable for identifying overall network structure and prioritizing specific regions within a network for conserving a wide variety of migratory animals.